Hfc cable system with shadow fiber and coax fiber terminals

ABSTRACT

System and method to extend the upstream data capacity of an HFC CATV system by extending a “shadow” optical fiber network deeper into the various CATV cable neighborhoods, with coax fiber terminals (CFT) spaced roughly according to the distribution of CATV active devices such as RF amplifiers. The CFT can intercept local upstream data from various neighborhood sub-regions and transform this upstream data into upstream optical data, thus relieving upstream data congestion in the 5-42 MHz CATV frequency region. The system can produce an order of magnitude improvement in upstream capability, while maintaining high compatibility with legacy HFC equipment. The CFT may exist in multiple embodiments ranging from low-cost “dumb” CFT to sophisticated CFT that can additionally provide GigE to the home (GTTH) service. Methods to maintain good compatibility with legacy CMTS devices, and methods to utilize DOCSIS MAP data for more efficient data transmission are also discussed.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation in part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 12/692,582, “DISTRIBUTED CABLE MODEM TERMINATION SYSTEM” filedJan. 22, 2010, inventor Selim Shlomo Rakib; this application also claimsthe priority benefit of U.S. provisional application claims the prioritybenefit of U.S. provisional application 61/385,125 “IMPROVED HYBRIDFIBER CABLE SYSTEM AND METHOD”, filed Sep. 21, 2010, inventor SelimShlomo Rakib. The contents of both applications are incorporated hereinby reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention is in the general field of Cable Television and HybridFiber Cable systems, particularly with regard to providing extendedfeatures and Internet access.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cable television (CATV), originally introduced in the late 1940's as away to transmit television signals by coaxial cables to houses in areasof poor reception, has over the years been modified and extended toenable the cable medium to transport a growing number of different typesof digital data, including both digital television and broadbandInternet data.

Over the years, this 1940's and 1950's era system has been extended toprovide more and more functionality. In recent years, the CATV systemhas been extended by the use of optical fibers to handle much of theload of transmitting data from the many different CATV cables handlinglocal neighborhoods, and the cable head or operator of the system. Herethe data will often be transmitted for long distances using opticalfiber, and the optical (usually infrared light) signals then transformedto the radiofrequency (RF) signals used to communicate over CATV cable(usually in the 5 MHz to 1-GHz frequencies) by many local optical fibernodes. Such systems are often referred to as hybrid fiber cable systems,or HFC systems. The complex electronics that are used by the cableoperator to inject signals (e.g. data) into the system, as well asextract signals (e.g. data) from the system are often referred to asCable Modem Termination Systems or CMTS systems.

In a typical HFC system, at the various optical fiber nodes, the opticalfiber signals are transformed back into RF signals and are then carriedby the various neighborhood CATV coax cables to various households.Unlike fiber, which can carry optical signals for extensive distanceswithout significant signal strength attenuation, the RF signalsattenuate fairly rapidly as a function of distance over the CATV coaxcables. This attenuation versus distance function increases as thefrequency of the RF signals increases. For example, using RG-59 cable,at 10 MHz, the RF signal attenuation versus distance is about 1.1 dB/100feet, at 100 MHz, the RF signal attenuation versus distance is about 3.4dB/100 feet, at 400 MHz, the attenuation rate is 7.0 dB/100 feet, and at1000 MHz (1 GHz), the attenuation rate is 12 dB/100 feet. Other types ofcoax cables, such as RG-6 cables, have lower attenuation versus distancecharacteristics, but the same sort of attenuation problem still exists.

Thus, in order to maintain the RF signal of the various upstream anddownstream signals while traveling over neighborhood CATV coax cables,neighborhood CATV systems typically employ various active (powered)devices, such as powered forward and reverse (bidirectional) RFamplifiers and the like. At present, using CATV systems that often havea maximum frequency of about 550 or 850 MHz, these active devices areoften spaced about every 1000 feet.

Each active device can have several (e.g. 1-4) neighborhood CATVsub-cables connected to it, and often to maintain RF power over cabledistances of several thousand feet, more than one (usually 1-3) activedevices can be connected along a single stretch of coax cable. As aresult, at a neighborhood level, the coax cable wiring pattern of CATVsystems often has a “tree” like structure, where the branches of thetree spring off of the various active devices. The first or main CATVcoax cable that connects to the RF signal originating from the opticalfiber node is often referred to as the “trunk” cable., and the variouscoax cables that split off of the trunk cable are often referred to asbranch cables, and the branch cables in turn can have other branchcables splitting off of them as well. As the various trunk and branchcables cover the local neighborhood, and generally situated in betweenthe various active devices, various taps, splitters, and drops on theneighborhood or “trunk” CATV cable connect various households to theCATV cable. In order to provide power for the various active devices,often the CATV coax cable system will carry electrical power as well. Asmight be expected, the process of negotiating easements and right of wayto route the neighborhood CATV cables is burdensome, however thisprocess has been going on for over 50 years in various parts of thecountry, and by now is well established.

At present, in United States CATV systems, the 5-42 MHz frequency regionis reserved for upstream communications back from the various cablemodems to the cable plant, and the majority of the bandwidth, typicallyin the 54-547+MHz range (often the upper end extends to 865 MHz andbeyond) is reserved for downstream communications from the cable plantto the various households. European CATV systems follow a slightlydifferent scheme where the upstream communications frequencies extend upto the 60 MHz region. Due to rapid signal attenuation, the higherfrequencies above about 750 to 865 MHz (here referred to generically as1 GHz+frequencies) are seldom used at present.

A more detailed discussion of prior art in this field can be found incopending application Ser. No. 12/692,582, the contents of which areincorporated herein by reference.

Prior art work with various types of CMTS systems and fiber nodesincludes Liva et. al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,149,223; Sucharczuk et. al. USpatent application 2007/0189770; and Amit, U.S. Pat. No. 7,197,045.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

As previously discussed, at present only a relatively small amount ofCATV cable bandwidth, typically in the 5-42 MHz frequency range, isallocated for upstream data transmission. As a result, especially ascompared to the much greater amount of CATV bandwidth that is availablefor downstream data, the upstream data rate available to the varioushouseholds connected to any given neighborhood CATV cable iscomparatively limited.

Thus at present, there is a currently unmet need for methods to allowvarious CATV connected households (and businesses) to send higheramounts of data upstream. In addition to households and businesses,there is also an unmet need for methods to send other types of data,such as cellular phone data from local cellular telephone cell sites orcell towers, upstream to centralized locations.

Although the problem of higher data rates could, in principle, be solvedby simply extending optical fiber networks directly to each household,in practice the high expense of this solution makes such Fiber to theHome (FTTH) solutions impractical.

The invention is based, in part, upon the realization that in today'sworld, often the functionality of HFC CATV systems that is most limitingto users is the very limited amount of available upstream bandwidth.

In one aspect of the invention, the functionality of HFC CATV systemsmay be extended by the use of a new, CATV neighborhood based, “shadow”optical fiber network. This shadow optical fiber network is not intendedto replace the functionality of present CATV coax cables (CATV cables,cables), but rather to extend this functionality, particularly withregards to upstream data transmission. In some embodiments, with regardsto downstream data transmissions, the present optical fiber nodes maycontinue to mark the end of the HFC optical fiber network, and thebeginning of the RF based CATV cable network. However at least withregards to upstream data transmission, the invention teaches theadvantages of continuing at least an alternative local shadow opticalfiber network past the end point of the HFC downstream optical fibernode.

According to the invention, this alternative local shadow optical fibernetwork may continue roughly in parallel (i.e. generally following thesame easements and routes) with the various neighborhood CATV cables upthe neighborhood “CATV tree” to the various CATV coax active elements.Then generally, at or near the various active elements, a new type oflow-cost fiber terminal, here designated a Coax Fiber Terminal (or CFT),may be used to segregate at least some of the upstream data fromoriginating from households attached to that particular branch of theneighborhood tree, and ease the burden on the CATV coax cable upstreamchannel by sending this local upstream data back using the local shadowoptical fiber network. In some embodiments, the Coax Fiber Terminals mayoptionally demodulate and repackage this upstream data, and send it backto the local optical fiber node where the upstream data can thenoptionally be further repackaged and sent upstream still further,usually ultimately to the cable head. In other embodiments, the variousCoax Fiber Terminals can operate more as “dumb” devices that simplyfilter out the upstream data, convert to various wavelengths, and sendit back to the optical fiber node. There, at the optical fiber node, theupstream data sent by various Coax Fiber Terminals at variouswavelengths may then be repackaged and sent back to the cable head.

Since the data carrying capability of the neighborhood shadow opticalfiber is much higher than that of cable, and in particular much higherthan the limited amount of spectrum (e.g. 5-42 MHz) presently utilizedfor CATV upstream transmission, the net effect of the invention is toremove much of the present day upstream CATV transmission congestion andbottlenecks, while at the same time preserving backward compatibilitywith present CATV equipment. For example, where as before, 500 householdcable modems, for example, might have to share the limited amount ofupstream bandwidth on a neighborhood CATV cable, according to theinvention, now perhaps only 50 cable modems would need to share upstreambandwidth along the particular branch of the cable that is served bytheir particular neighborhood active device and Coax Fiber Terminal(CFT). According to current upstream protocols, such as DOCSIS upstreamprotocols, which allocate upstream data capacity on a best effortsbasis, this 10× decrease in congestion translates almost directly into a10× increase in available upstream bandwidth.

According to the legacy DOCSIS scheme for allocating upstream bandwidth,the various household cable modems send requests for upstream bandwidthto the cable head, and the cable head allocates various time slots forupstream data transmission on a best efforts basis by sending Mini-slotAllocation Packet (MAP) messages to the various cable modems, releasingsmall time windows in which the various cable modems are authorized tosend upstream data. Thus if the congestion is reduced by 10×, theavailable upstream time slots can become 10× larger, and 10× moreupstream data can be transmitted.

Thus, for example, the invention can produce an effective order ofmagnitude or more increase in available upstream bandwidth, while stillmaintaining excellent backward compatibility with legacy HFC cables,cable modems, and even head end Cable Modem Termination Systems (CTMS).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an overall view of the various frequencies and datachannels that are presently allocated for a typical CATV cable systemscarrying legacy analog television FDM channels, QAM digital televisionchannels, and various types of Data Over Cable Service InterfaceSpecification (DOCSIS) data.

FIG. 2 shows an overall view of the various wavelengths allocated forprior art optical fiber wavelength division multiplexing schemes (150),as compared to alternative dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)methods, which in some embodiments of the invention may be used by theshadow optical fiber network to carry upstream data (160).

FIG. 3 shows a simplified version of how prior art HFC systems transmitdata from the cable plant or cable head to different optical fibernodes, each usually composed of a tree and branch like structure of CATVcoax cables, often containing multiple active devices (e.g. RFamplifiers) spaced roughly every thousand feet.

FIG. 4 shows how the invention's “shadow optical fiber” can be routedalong the same easements, paths and conduits used to carry theneighborhood CATV cable tree and branch coax cables. This shadow opticalfiber can, in turn, interact with a new type of “Coax Fiber Terminal”device (CFT). These CFT devices are often positioned on, in, or near theCATV active devices. The CFT devices can remove some or all of theupstream RF signals traveling back from the various households along theparticular CATV branch cable or trunk cable serviced by that particularactive device. The CFT devices then can transform at least some of theupstream CATV RF signals and data into upstream optical signals anddata, and transmit this back to the optical fiber node and then to thecable head, thus relieving upstream congestion on the neighborhood CATVcables.

FIG. 5 shows a block diagram showing various embodiments of the CoaxFiber Terminal device. In some embodiments, the CFT can be a simple anddumb device that simply splits off all of the upstream data, converts itto an optical signal at various wavelengths, and sends it back along theshadow optical fiber without further processing. In other embodiments,the CFT can be a more sophisticated device that employs a DOCSISupstream processor to more intelligently separate out upstream signalsand also at least partially process the upstream signals. In otherembodiments, the CFT can have additional circuitry to also inject highbandwidth downstream signals, often at very high frequency, thusallowing additional functionality such as Gigabit To The Home or GigE ToThe Home (GTTH).

FIG. 6 shows an overview of how Mini-slot Allocation Packet (MAP) datamay be used to analyze and extract the digital data encoded by theupstream signals. The upstream digital data may then be sent back to thecable head and the Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS) at the cablehead using a more efficient digital protocol, such as a GigE protocol,along the HFC optical fiber. This upstream data can either be sent at adifferent wavelength from the downstream optical fiber signal, oralternatively can be sent back along a different optical fiber. At theCMTS end as desired, the same MAP data may be used, in conjunction withthe digital data, to reconstitute the original upstream CATV RF signal,and this in turn may be fed into a legacy CMTS.

FIG. 7 shows one shadow fiber and Coax Fiber Terminal addressing scheme.Here either each Coax Fiber Terminal, or in some embodiments relatedgroups of Coax Fiber Terminals are partitioned into different domains,and the cable modems served by their respective Coax Fiber Terminal areaddressed by the cable plant or head end CTMS accordingly. In one simplescheme, the household cable modems falling within each Coax FiberTerminal domain are handled by the CTMS as if they were simply smallindependent neighborhoods, thus partitioning what is really a largerCATV coax neighborhood into multiple virtual smaller neighborhoods. Thisscheme helps preserve backward compatibility with legacy CTMS and CTMSsoftware.

FIG. 8 shows a detail of some of the timing problems that must beaddressed by the Head end and CTMS system, as well as the various CoaxFiber Terminals when MAP data are used to demodulate upstream cablemodem signals, and the data from the demodulated signals are transportedupstream (often in an alternative format), and then reconstituted orregenerated back into RF signals before being fed into a CTMS, such as alegacy CTMS. Due to speed of light and other system delays, the timingperiods relative to the mini slot boundaries and 10.24 MHz system clockwill shift depending upon which Cable Fiber Terminals (CFT) and Cablemodems (CM) are active, and the system must correct for these timingdifferences.

FIG. 9 shows an alternative shadow optical fiber/Cable Fiber Terminalmodulation scheme, in which some or all of the CATV bandwidth isswitched between downstream mode and upstream mode following a TimeDivision Duplex scheme. In one scheme, to preserve backwardcompatibility, only the presently unused portions of the CATV RFspectrum, such as the 1 GHz+region, are used for TDD upstream/downstreamtransmission. In an alternative scheme, backward compatibility can besacrificed, and up to the entire CATV RF spectrum from 5 MHz to 1 GHzplus, or from 54 to 1 GHz plus, can be allocated for TDDupstream/downstream transmission.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In one embodiment, the invention may be a method for enhancing theupstream data carrying capacity of a hybrid fiber cable (HFC) network.As a simplified overview, such networks can be considered to generallyconsist of a cable head with a Cable Modem Termination System (CTMS).The cable head will generally supply access to outside networks such asInternet, as well as various types of media content, television networkand satellite feeds, and the like. The HFC network will also have atleast one trunk optical fiber (typical HFC networks have many trunkoptical fibers as well as various transport ring distribution hubs), andthis at least one trunk optical fiber node will terminate in an at leastone optical node that converts the optical signals back to radiofrequency (RF) signals. Each optical fiber node will serve at least oneneighborhood CATV trunk cable, and this cable in turn will provide CATVservice to neighborhoods, often consisting of about 500 to 2000 homes orbusinesses (households).

As previously discussed, the amplitude of the high frequency CATV RFsignals decays rapidly with CATV coax cable distance, and as a result,to compensate for this and to keep the signal strength of the CATV RFsignals in the proper amplitude range, various active devices, such asline RF amplifiers, are connected to the CATV trunk cable at intervalsof roughly every 1000 feet. The CATV trunk cable in turn will usuallyspits into a plurality of branch CATV cables, again having activedevices such as line RF amplifiers every 1000 feet or so. The varioushouseholds tap into the CATV branch cables at their respectivelocations, and connect their respective cable modems, set top boxes, andother CATV devices to the CATV cable in this manner. This type of trunkand branch CATV cable system has a wiring pattern that roughly resemblesa tree, and is frequently referred to as a “tree and branch” or “trunkand branch” network or configuration.

As previously discussed, due to the historical nature of the CATVsystem, which allocated nearly all of the available range of cablefrequencies (bandwidth) for downstream communications from the cablehead to the various household subscribers, the amount of upstreambandwidth is very limited, and increasingly this has become a limitingfactor, particularly as use of broadband Internet communications hasexpanded.

Although this problem could be solved by extending optical fiber to eachhousehold tapped into the CATV system, this type of solution isprohibitively expensive.

However according to the invention, there is a lower cost alternativethat can make use of a new type of local optical fiber network, to actas a “CATV helper”. This new type of local optical fiber network may runin parallel with various neighborhood trunk and branch CATV cables, andmay act as an inexpensive but high bandwidth “return path” to backhaulupstream data, thus removing bottlenecks from the present highlycongested and limited CATV upstream bandwidth region (typically 5-42MHz). Because in this scheme, the optical fiber does not supplant theCATV RF cable, but rather runs in parallel or “shadows” the CATV RFcable through most of the CATV RF cable tree and branch structure, thislocal optical fiber “CATV helper” will be referred to as “shadow opticalfiber”.

According to the invention, each CATV neighborhood may have its ownlocal shadow optical fiber network, and the different local shadowoptical fiber networks between different CATV neighborhoods need notconnect directly. Thus a wavelength or data packet being used in onelocal shadow optical fiber network generally will not need to beconcerned with possible use of the same wavelength of time slice beingused in another local shadow optical fiber network running in adifferent CATV neighborhood.

According to one embodiment of the invention, the upstream bandwidth ordata carrying capability of the HFC system may be greatly improved byrunning at least one shadow optical fiber (often a local network ofshadow optical fibers) from the optical fiber node that terminates themain HFC optical fiber(s) from the cable head. This shadow optical fibermay take advantage of existing CATV cable easements, and follow a routethat generally parallels the route taken by the neighborhood tree andbranch CATV cable. The shadow optical fiber interacts with the localCATV cable by way of a new type of device, here called a “Coax FiberTerminal” device (sometimes abbreviated as CFT). Although in principle,the CFT may be located anywhere along the CATV cable that is convenient,often the CFT will be associated with legacy CATV coax cable activedevices such as RF amplifiers.

Although the invention does not require that the shadow optical fiberrun exactly in parallel or exactly along the same route as theneighborhood CATV cable, this approach is generally preferred. This isbecause in addition to the advantages of making use of previouslyestablished easements, often the various CFT devices will requireelectrical power to operate. Since CATV cable often is associated withpower sources used to power the various CATV active devices (RFamplifiers), cost savings can be generated by tapping into thesepreviously available power sources. Note that although the CFT devicesare usually powered, the shadow optical fiber itself can be run as apassive optical network that may not otherwise need any power tooperate.

A third advantage of running roughly in parallel with the legacyneighborhood CATV cable system is that at least some legacy CATV activedevices, such as RF amplifiers, contain filters and other componentsthat can potentially interfere with upstream communications as well asdownstream communications at frequencies other than the legacy CATVfrequencies. By positioning the CFT devices in roughly the same locationas the CATV active devices, so that upstream CATV signals interceptedbefore they encounter any problems due to legacy CATV active devices.Further, as will be discussed, in at least some embodiments of theinvention, next generation downstream signals outside of the legacyfrequency range can be injected by the CFT devices into at least theregions of neighborhood CATV cable in-between the active devices. Thiscan allow for new types of signals, such as 1 GHz+RF signals, to beinjected (or detected) without fear of interference by legacy CATVactive devices.

Thus according to the invention, the various shadow optical fiberconnected Coax Fiber Terminals are often connected directly to theportions of the neighborhood CATV cable that are served by oneparticular CATV active device. Consider a neighborhood CATV system witha several thousand foot tree and branch coax cable network that serves500 homes. Further, consider a 1000 foot of section of the neighborhoodCATV branch cable, serving 50 homes, that is spaced between a first CATVactive device and a second CATV active device. This stretch of 50 homeswill also be served by a shadow optical fiber connected CFT (Coax FiberTerminal). Instead of the upstream signals from this stretch of 50 homeshaving to compete for scarce upstream time allocations with the 450other homes on the neighborhood coax cable system, this stretch of 50homes can have exclusive use of most or all of the upstream cablebandwidth. This is because the CFT device can siphon off the upstreamsignals originating from these 50 homes, and the CFT can in turn sendthese upstream signals back upstream using the much higher data carryingcapability of the local shadow optical fiber network. The upstreamcongestion on the limited CATV upstream frequency range is markedlyreduced. The net effect is not unlike taking a freeway of cars that ismoving at a crawl during rush hour, and removing 90% of the cars on thefreeway. Traffic can now move at a much higher rate, and new cars canenter the freeway without any extended delay.

Thus according to the invention, the Coax Fiber Terminals may interceptupstream CATV RF signals and remove at least some of these upstreamsignals from the tree and branch CATV cables connected to theirrespective CATV active devices. The Coax Fiber Terminals can thentransduce these upstream RF signals to optical signals, which can thenbe carried back (backhauled) to the optical fiber node or other highbandwidth (high capacity) network, and ultimately often communicatedback to the cable head and/or the CTMS unit(s) often located at or nearthe cable head.

As previously discussed, one big advantage of this approach is itsexcellent backward compatibility. The present DOCSIS scheme of upstreamdata transmission works on a best efforts basis, where cable modemsrequest upstream time slots for communication, and the cable head/CableModem Termination System (CTMS) doles out permissions and authorizationsto use these time slots on an as-available basis by sending backMini-slot Allocation Packet (MAP) authorizations, which, for example,may dole out upstream time slots of 2^(n)*6.35 microseconds per timeslot. With, for example, 10× less upstream congestion, the widelyimplemented DOCSIS upstream allocation system will almost automaticallyallocate about 10× more time for each cable modem to transmit upstreamdata, thus resulting in a very large increase in effective upstream ratewith essentially no change in the large installed base of householdcable modems. By suitably tricking the CMRTS units at the cable headinto thinking that they are simply dealing with many lengths of muchless congested sections of neighborhood CATV cable, good backwardcompatibility with the large installed base of CMRTS units and softwarecan also be maintained. These methods will be discussed in furtherdetail shortly.

Although, in some embodiments, the Coax Fiber Terminals may remove someor all of the upstream RF signals (e.g. in the 5-42 MHz region), inother embodiments, in order to preserve backward compatibility withvarious aspects of legacy HFC systems, it will be advantageous to removeonly some of the upstream RF signals, such as some of all of the DOCSISupstream RF signals, and allow other legacy upstream RF signals, such aslegacy DVB, Aloha, pilot and monitoring signals, and other non-DOCSISupstream signals to persist (remain on) the CATV cable, and to continueto be carried upstream using the CATV cable.

When selective upstream removal is desired, there are two generaloptions. In the first option, the Coax Fiber Terminal may, either byitself, or in conjunction with various filtering devices, simplyselectively remove certain upstream RF frequencies, such as thosefrequencies typically used for DOCSIS upstream service, or allow otherupstream frequencies to pass. Alternatively, the Coax Fiber Terminal mayfirst remove all of the upstream RF frequencies, and then selectivelyregenerate certain upstream RF frequencies, such as those often used bylegacy non-DOCSIS services, and inject these regenerated RF signals backonto the CATV cable, where they may then be carried back upstream. Aspreviously discussed, in these types of embodiments, the Coax FiberTerminal(s) may generally then convert at least the removed RF upstreamsignals to optical signals, and use the much higher data rate carryingcapacity of the shadow optical fiber network to backhaul these upstreamsignals back to their desired destination, which again will often be aCTMS located at the cable head.

Often the Coax Fiber Terminals may be located at the junctions betweenvarious CATV cable branches. As a result, often it will be desirable toproduce Coax Fiber Terminals that are capable of dealing with multipleCATV branches (often 1-4) at the same time and in the same device. Forpurposes of this specification, it should be assumed that the typicalCoax Fiber Terminal device is equipped with the connectors to service upto four CATV cables, as well as inlet and outlet ports for the shadowoptical fiber, and power connectors (for example to receive power fromthe CATV power source) as appropriate.

Generally, the Coax Fiber Terminal devices will operate by interceptingthe upstream CATV RF signals, often from the section of the CATV cableserved by one CATV active device such as an RF amplifier, butoccasionally from a still larger portion of CATV cable.

In some embodiments, very simple “dumb” CFT devices may operate bysimply filtering out the upstream frequency range, transducing the CATVupstream RF signals to one or more optical wavelengths (such as oneunique optical wavelength per CFT device) using devices as simple aselectrical to optical adapters, and then put the now optical CATVupstream signals onto the shadow optical fiber on an almost as-is basis.This particular method has the advantage of allowing extremely low costCoax Fiber Terminal devices to be produced. Here, use of DenseWavelength Division Multiplexing techniques, such as those discussed inthe non-provisional version of copending U.S. provisional application61/385,125, the contents of which are included herein by reference, maybe useful. For example, since multiple “dumb” CFT devices may beconnected to the same stretch of shadow optical fiber, the problem ofdistinguishing upstream signals from different “dumb” CFT devices mustbe solved. Here, one simple way is to tune the upstream wavelength ofeach “dumb” CFT device to a different wavelength. Multiple “dumb” CFTdevices can now communicate upstream along the same length of shadowoptical fiber using Dense (or not so dense as the situation requires)Wavelength Division Multiplexing. See FIG. 2 for a diagram of DWDMprocesses.

Alternatively, in other embodiments, the Coax Fiber Terminal device(s)may first digitize the upstream signals before transducing the upstreamsignals from RF to optical for fiber optic transmission on the shadowoptical fiber (s). This digitization process can be a relativelyunsophisticated process, such as a process in which the upstream RFsignals are sampled at a rate, such as the Nyquist rate, that is atleast twice the rate of the highest upstream RF frequency desired to behandled. The sampling can be done by high speed A/D converters, usuallyoperating at an adequate A/D resolution, such as around 10 bitsresolution, so as to adequately sample and digitize the upstream RFsignals. Once digitized and sampled, the now digitized upstream signalscan be handled by, for an example, digital signal processors or othertypes of computer processors. Some upstream RF frequencies may bedigitally sampled and these may, for example, then be used toreconstitute legacy CATV RF signals intended to be reinjected back intothe CATV cable by the Coax Fiber Terminal. Other digitized upstream datamay be suitably modified and repackaged into alternate signaltransmission formats more suitable for optical fiber transmission. Forexample, the timing of the DOCSIS upstream data packets may be alteredto allow DOCSIS upstream data packets from multiple Cable Fiber Terminaldevices (which to improve upstream bandwidth will often not be run incoordination with each other, and thus will be sending differentupstream data packets during the same time intervals and thus willcollide with each other) to better coexist when transmitted along thesame optical fiber at the same wavelength. Various types of alternativedata compression schemes (including MAP extraction methods to bediscussed) may also be implemented, as desired.

The upstream CATV RF signals typically transmit digital data in the formof analog RF signals. By contrast, the upstream data sent over theoptical fiber network can be more efficiently transmitted by usingvarious optical fiber digital protocols, such as Ethernet and GigEprotocols. In order to more efficiently repackage the upstream CATV RFdata for upstream optical fiber transmission, either at the Cable FiberTerminal stage, or alternatively at stages above this (such as at theoptical fiber node that feeds this particular neighborhood CATV cabletree and branch network), the digital data carried by the analog CATV RFsignals can be extracted and repackaged into more efficient optical datacarrying formats as desired.

To do this, it is very helpful if the system is able to understand theunderlying structure of the CATV upstream RF signals, and if the systemcan use this structure information to extract the underlying datacarried by these CATV upstream RF signals. This way the data itself canbe carried, without the need to carry the large amount of extraneous“overhead” information that is also part of the RF CATV upstream signal.

To do this data extraction process, the various RF data and signalformat parameters must be known. For example, the system needs to knowinformation such as: “what upstream frequencies and time slices carrydigital data from what cable modem?” To do this, it is helpful if thelocal system can obtain access to the Mini-slot Allocation Packet (MAP)data that has been assigned to the various cable modems, and/or utilizesniffing techniques to read and interpret the RF CATV upstream data.Here methods such as the sniffing methods of Azenko and Rakib, U.S. Pat.No. 7,362,773, the contents of which are incorporated herein byreference, may be useful.

Using this method of data extraction, in some embodiments, the systemmay, for example, digitize the upstream CATV RF signals by obtaining theMini-slot Allocation Packet (MAP) data for at least some of the upstreamCATV RF signals, and then use this Mini-slot Allocation Packet (MAP)data to demodulate and extract at least some of this upstream digitalinformation. Again this process can often be performed by digital signalprocessors (DSP) or other computer processors that may either beincluded as a part of the Coax Fiber Terminal devices, or alternativelycan be done further upstream, such as at the first optical fiber node.

Once the data has been extracted, it can then be repackaged by thesystem into an alternative format, such as an optical Ethernet format,suitable for optical transmission along the shadow optical fiber networkor at the main optical fiber network that ultimately connects to thecable head.

Once at the cable head, the upstream digital data may then be useddirectly by the system. However such direct use will require thedevelopment of new types of CTMS software and potentially hardware aswell.

To avoid the expense of developing new CTMS systems, in an alternativeembodiment, legacy CTMS systems may be used. To do this, the upstreamdigital data, which has now been carried back from the neighborhoodshadow optical fibers, back through the HFC optical fiber, and is nowback at the head end, can be reconstituted back into its original CATVRF format, and then fed directly into a legacy CMTS system. Thisreconstitution method can “trick” the legacy CTMS system into thinkingthat it is simply dealing with much less congested neighborhood CATVcables. Here, due to the flexibility of the original “best efforts”DOCSIS upstream system, the legacy CMTS system and legacy DOCSISsoftware will continue to act on a best efforts basis, and thus releasemany more upstream time slots for the various cable modems to use forupstream data. Thus with almost no change to legacy CMTS and cablemodems, the shadow optical fiber—Coax Fiber Terminal system can be usedto implement a massive improvement in the upstream data capabilities oflegacy HFC and CATV equipment, and at relatively low cost.

To reconstitute the original neighborhood upstream CATV RF signals atthe cable head end, in some embodiments of the invention, at the cablehead, a head end reconstitution device will use the Mini-slot AllocationPacket (MAP) data to subsequently remodulate the upstream digitalinformation into reconstituted upstream CATV RF signals. Thus forexample, MAP data showing that a particular neighborhood cable modem hadbeen assigned a particular time slot and frequency for sending itsdigital information can be used to repackage the digital data accordingto the originally assigned MAP time slot, and produce the same type ofRF waveforms in the correct time slots. As needed, the reconstitutiondevice (usually a DSP or computer processor connected to variousupstream RF generators such as QAM generators) may also simulate orcorrect for various timing delays that had originally been present inthe HFC system before the conversion to the shadow optical fiber systemhad been done, thus enabling the legacy head end equipment, such as theCTMS, to continue to function with minimal amounts of software upgradesand adjustment required.

Further Enhancements:

Although the specification has largely focused on the inventions abilityto deliver improved upstream bandwidth, once the shadow optical fiberhas been installed in the various respective neighborhoods, this shadowoptical fiber may also be used to increase the bandwidth of downstreamdata (e.g. cable head to household) as well. Here again, the shadowoptical fiber system need not supplant the neighborhood CATV system, andit need not simply act as a prior art optical fiber node. Rather, insome embodiments, the shadow optical fiber system may simply extend thefunctionality of the upstream portion of the CATV cable system stillfurther.

As previously discussed, one problem that stands in the way of utilizingvery high frequency (e.g. above 1 Gigahertz) RF signals in CATV coaxcables is that such high frequency signals decay more rapidly withdistance than lower frequency signals. Thus while before it may haverequired an economically unfeasibly large number of CATV active devicesto propagate 1 GHz+downstream RF signals, by using an alternative formof the invention's shadow optical fiber and CFT terminals, this expensemay be reduced. In this alternative embodiment of the invention,additional data, such as Gigabit To The House or GigE To The House(GTTH) downstream data (as well as other types of data) may betransmitted using the shadow optical fiber network, and the short rangevery high frequency signals generated at the CFT terminals, and theproblem of high signal attenuation of as a function of distance for suchhigh frequency (e.g. 1 GHz+) RF signals in CATV coax cable networks canbe avoided or minimized.

This scheme also preserves much backward compatibility. For example,since the CFT devices can inject high frequency (e.g. 1 GHz+) RF signalsinto regions between the various legacy CATV active devices, then thelegacy CFT devices (again usually RF amplifiers) do not themselvesnecessarily have to be upgraded to handle such high frequencies.

Further, since the scheme uses presently non-allocated CATV frequencies,the various legacy cable modems and other devices (e.g. set top boxes)also need not be upgraded. Rather, new devices, such as GTTH GigEterminals, and other new CATV devices may simply be obtained and put inthe various households to provide downstream GigE service as needed.Here for simplicity, this potentially broad range of different types ofcable modems, set top boxes, Ethernet terminals, and other cableconnected household devices (e.g. televisions, radios, remote controldevices, etc.) will simply be referred to generically as cable modems oroccasionally as cable modems and Ethernet terminals.

These new devices can then use the shadow optical fiber to communicatewith higher bandwidth upstream as well, either by utilizing the present5-42 MHz upstream bandwidth as previously described, or alternatively bycarving out a new region of the presently unused high frequency CATVbandwidth (e.g. again in the 1 GHz+frequency region) to define a newupstream data channel. Here, given the great interest in GigabitEthernet data, in some embodiments of the invention, this new and highercapacity GTTH system may often use various Gigabit Ethernet signaltransmission protocols. However the system is general purpose, and otherservices, such as additional QAM channels carrying extended video,telephone, music or other media may also be transmitted in this manner.

FIG. 1 shows an overall view of the various frequencies and datachannels allocated for CATV (100). Typically the lower frequencies, suchas 5-42 MHz, are allocated for use in transmitting data “upstream” fromthe individual cable modems back to the Cable Head or Cable plant (102).Typically upstream data is transmitted using a time-share TDMA (TimeDivision Multiple Access) manner in which MAP data is sent to individualcable modems which allocates certain times on roughly 2 MHz wide QAMchannels to transmit data. Starting at around 54 MHz on up to roughly547 MHz, space was previously allocated for legacy analog video channels(104), which transmit on roughly 6 MHz wide FDM channels. At frequenciesabove that, frequencies (space, bandwidth) is currently allocated fordigital television transmitting on roughly 6 MHz wide QAM channels(106), and above that, space is currently allocated for DOCSIS services(108) that may transmit voice, on-demand video, IP, and otherinformation, again generally as a series of 6 MHz wide QAM channels.Above about 1 GHz, cable bandwidth is seldom used at present (109),although future services, such as the GTTH services and high bandwidthupstream services discussed in this application, may extend further intothis region. Because some CATV systems involve different high frequencycutoffs than other CATV systems, here use of the term “1 GHz+” or 1 GHzplus” is intended to concisely convey the idea of transmittingadditional information at frequencies that are above the previouslyassigned high end CATV frequency. Thus in a CATV system with a previous750 MHz cutoff, “1 GHz+” is intended to mean frequencies above 750 MHz.In a CATV system with a previous 865 MHz cutoff, “1 GHz+” is intended tomean frequencies above 865 MHz, and so on.

CATV cable (at least below about 850 MHz) thus has a finite bandwidth ofat most about 100-200 QAM channels. When this bandwidth is used to servea large amount of different customized types of data to a large amountof different subscribers, this bandwidth quickly becomes exhausted.

A drawing showing how the CATV spectrum allocation can be described in amore simplified diagram is shown below (110), (120). The “upstream”segment (112) is an abstraction of all upstream channels, including bothpresently used upstream channels in the 5-42 MHz region, as well aspresent and future higher frequency upstream DOCSIS channels. The“video” segment (114) is an abstraction of both the now obsolete analogTV FDM channels, as well as the standard “digital video” channels, aswell as the projected digital video channels that will occupy the soonto be reclaimed analog bandwidths once the analog channels are phasedout. Segment (114) also represents other standard digital radio and FMchannels, and in general may represent any standardized set ofdownstream channels that will usually not be customized betweendifferent sets of users and neighborhoods.

The “DOC1” channel (116) may be (depending upon mode of use) either afull set or subset of present DOCSIS channels. The “IP/On-demand or GTTHchannel (118) may be the higher frequency range of the CATV spectrum,such as the 1 GHz plus region, where various new GTTH services may beprovided using the shadow optical fiber network and the various CoaxFiber Terminal devices.

FIG. 2 shows an overall view of the various optical wavelengthsallocated for both prior art optical fiber wavelength divisionmultiplexing schemes, and in some embodiments for various shadow opticalfiber upstream data and/or GTTH data according to the invention.

Here the optical fiber wavelengths being used at present (150) include a1310 nm O-band wavelength (152) often used to transmit the various CATVRF channels, such as the various QAM channels, modulated essentiallyaccording to the same CATV RF waveforms, but at optical wavelengthsaccording to scheme (120). Supplemental data is often transmitted in theC-band around 1550 nm (154), often on optical wavelengths that, becausethey are modulated according to non-optimal CATV waveforms, must beseparated from each other by a relatively large wavelength separation,and which carry sub-optimal amounts of data per wavelength.

Depending upon the particular embodiment, the shadow optical fibernetwork may transmit upstream data, or backhaul data, according toeither prior art methods, or alternatively according to various multiplewavelength or Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing methods (160). Forexample, in one simple embodiment, each different “dumb” Coax FiberTerminal in a neighborhood may transmit its particular upstream datausing a different optical fiber wavelength, at least as far as the firstoptical fiber node. There, at the first optical fiber node, the upstreamdata can then be demodulated, analyzed, and repackaged. This schemeresults in very low cost Coax Fiber Terminals, since each may justconsist of a filter, O/E converter, and a tuned laser diode. The morecostly signal analysis and repackaging components can be thus relegatedto the optical fiber terminal.

Alternatively, in alternative embodiments, more capable Coax FiberTerminals can carry more of the load of upstream data analysis andrepackaging, in which case fewer optical fiber wavelengths may be neededto transmit upstream data over the neighborhood shadow optical fibernetwork. Note that, as previously discussed, each neighborhood willgenerally have its own shadow optical fiber network, so that in thisscheme, different shadow optical fiber wavelengths and timing windowsmay often be reused between neighborhoods without problems ofinterference.

Here again, a legacy O-band analog signal may be used for upstreamcommunications as desired. Alternatively, multiple wavelengths of moreefficiently modulated data signals (such as one of the various opticalfiber GigE protocols) are sent, often as a series of closely spacedwavelengths (162).

FIG. 3 shows a simplified version of how prior art HFC systems (200)transmit data from the cable plant or cable head (202) to differentoptical fiber nodes (204), each usually composed of a tree like trunk(226) and branch (227) structure of CATV cables (226) with activedevices, such as RF amplifiers (229), often every thousand feet or so.Each neighborhood will typically consist of up to several hundred or afew thousand different houses, apartments, offices or stores (208) (herereferred to generically as “houses”), each equipped with their own cablemodems (not shown) and connecting to the CATV cable via a tap (231)Here, for simplicity, only the downstream portion of the HFC system isshown.

The cable plant will obtain standardized media content (210) (such as astandard assortment of analog and digital video channels) from one setof sources, and also obtain more individualized data (212), such asvideo on demand, IP from the Internet, and other individualized datafrom other sources. This data is compiled into a large number ofdifferent QAM (and at present also FDM) modulated CATV broadcastchannels at the CTMS shelf (214). This CMTS (214) will often have anumber of different blade-like line cards (216). These line cardstransmit the signals by optical fibers (218) to different areas (groupsof neighborhoods).

As previously discussed, typical HFC networks actually have a rathercomplex topology, which here is greatly simplified. Rather than sendingone optical fiber from the CTMS to each different neighborhood,typically optical fibers will serve multiple neighborhoods. To do this,the signal from the CTMS side optical fiber (218) will at least usuallybe split by an optical fiber splitter (not shown) into several differentoptical sub-fibers, and each sub-fiber in turn will in turn carry thesignal to different fiber optic nodes. Here only one Fiber Node, FiberNode 1 (204) is shown in order to better show the trunk and branch coaxcable structure of the neighborhood CATV cable system.

At a fiber node, such as FN 1 (204), the optical signal is convertedinto a CATV radio frequency (RF) signal and sent via CATV cables (226)to individual cable modems at individual houses (208) in eachneighborhood. Typically each neighborhood will consist of between 25 toa few thousand households, served by a CATV cable tree and branch likesystem of connected cables and active devices such as RF amplifiers(226), (227), and (229) that in turn connects to the local fiber node(204).

The CATV RF spectrum of this prior art HFC system is shown as (250).Here, at least in the US, the 5-42 MHz frequency region is reserved forupstream signals (252) such as upstream DOCSIS signals (US DOCSIS) goingfrom the households (208) to the cable head (such as the CTMS (214), andthe 54-865 MHz frequency region (254) is reserved for downstreamsignals, such as downstream DOCSIS (DS DOCSIS) going from the cable headto the households (208). Here the US DOCSIS region (252) is drawn asfairly dark (congested with dots) to symbolize the high upstreamcongestion that occurs when an entire neighborhood of householdsattempts to send upstream data on this relatively limited region of CATVcable spectrum.

FIG. 4 shows how the invention's “shadow optical fiber” (270) cangenerally be routed along the same easements, paths and conduits used tocarry the neighborhood CATV cable trunk (226) and branches (227). Thisshadow optical fiber can in turn interact with Coax Fiber Terminals(272) which are devices, usually positioned on, in, or near the CATVactive devices (e.g. RF amplifiers 229), that can remove some or all ofthe upstream RF signals traveling back from the various households (208)along the particular CATV branch cable (227) or trunk cable (226)serviced by that particular active device (229). The Coax FiberTerminals (272) can then transform the upstream CATV RF signals and datainto upstream optical signals and data, and this can be carried back tothe cable head, often by way of modified optical nodes (205) via the HFCsystem.

In some embodiments, these modified optical nodes (205) can, at least inpart, be based on CMRTS or D-CMRTS optical nodes as described incopending application Ser. No. 12/692,582 and/or provisional application61/385,125; the contents of both are incorporated herein by reference.

According to the invention, either prior art optical nodes may be used,and additional devices may be added to intercept upstream data from theshadow optical fiber network (270) and repackage this for transmissionback to the cable head, often along optical fiber route (218), oftenusing alternate fibers or alternate wavelengths. Alternatively, theoptical node may be modified into a modified optical node (205) withadditional components to handle this repackaging internally.

In some embodiments, at the cable head, often just before the CMTS, adecoder apparatus (400) may intercept the optical fiber signals (218)and decode them into a form that can then be recognized by the CMTS. Forexample, such decoding may be used interpret the CFT domain informationinto a form that the CMTS can process, and may, for example, make eachdifferent Cable Fiber Terminal domain appear to the CMTS as if it is aseparate CATV neighborhood. The decoder apparatus may also, in someembodiments, reconstitute upstream data signals coming from the CableFiber Terminals by way of MAP data or other methods. This will bediscussed shortly.

In contrast to the CATV spectrum diagram (250) shown in FIG. 3, the CATVspectrum diagram (251) shown in FIG. 4 is slightly different. Inparticular, because much or all of the upstream traffic is now going byway of the shadow optical fiber line (270), the upstream bandwidth(252), such as might be used to carry upstream DOCSIS (US DOCSIS) ismuch less congested, and is thus shown without the dense pattern of dotsto symbolize this difference. By contrast, the downstream DOCSIS (DSDOCSIS) (245) bandwidth can remain much the same as before. However, asis discussed elsewhere in this specification, the very high frequencyregion, such as the 1 GHz+region, may in some embodiments of theinvention also be used by the shadow optical fiber (270) and Coax FiberTerminals (272) to deliver high bandwidth services, such as GigE to thehome (GTTH).

Here, the shadow optical fiber system and the Coax Fiber Terminals arevery compatible with this new type of high frequency CATV service,because this high (near 1 GHz) frequency range is attenuated rapidly asa function of distance in Coax cables. As previously discussed,according to the invention, some embodiments of the Coax Fiber Terminalscan be used to inject these high frequency signals at multiple pointsalong the CATV cable, thus bypassing the legacy RF amplifier activedevices (229). Thus higher range service can be installed while stillusing most of the legacy HFC hardware.

Assuming that the shadow optical fiber network is a passive opticalnetwork, then simple beam splitters can be used (233) to split andcombine the various passive optical fibers. This helps lower the cost ofthe shadow optical fiber network, and allows the capabilities of theshadow optical fiber network to be gradually improved over time byswapping in (and out) more and more capable CFT devices—e.g. onprogression may go from “dumb” CFT devices to smarter upstreamrepackaging CFT devices to GTTH capable CFT devices, all withoutrequiring any changes to the basic local shadow optical fiber networkitself.

FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of various embodiments of the Coax FiberTerminal (272), along with some details of the Coax Fiber Terminal'soptional DOCSIS upstream processor and the Coax Fiber Terminal'soptional Gigabit To The Home (or GigE To The Home) (GTTH) processor.

In its simplest form, a “dumb” Coax Fiber terminal can consist of littlemore than a Low Frequency/High Frequency filter (500) coupled to asimple electrical to optical converter (502), thus passing all upstreamsignals through to the shadow optical filter, often at a wavelengthunique to that particular Coax Fiber Terminal (272). However inalternate embodiments, the direct electrical to optical converter (502)may be omitted, and instead the filtered upstream RF signals may bedigitized and then further processed by a DOCSIS upstream processor(DOCSIS US Processor) (504).

This DOCSIS upstream processor may comprise, for example, a high speedA/D tuner, (506) a tuner bank (or software version of a tuner bank) fortuning into specific upstream frequencies (508), a demodulator such as ahigh speed processor or Digital Signal Processor (DSP) (510) to eitherextract the data from these frequencies, and/or repackage the data intoan alternate form for transmission over the shadow optical fiber (270),and at least one electrical to optical converter (512). As will bediscussed, in some embodiments, the demodulation process may befacilitated by informing the demodulator of the Mini-slot AllocationPacket (MAP) data associated with the various cable modems handled bythe Coax Fiber Terminal (514). This will be discussed shortly.

In other embodiments, as previously discussed, the Coax Fiber Terminalmay additionally be used as a convenient location from which to injectvery high frequency CATV signals, which propagate only for shortdistances through Coax cable, but which are very useful at supplyinghigh bandwidth data for various applications such as GTTH service. Inthese alternative embodiments, the Coax Fiber Terminal may additionallycomprise an optional GTTH downstream processor (520). This optional GTTHdownstream processor may comprise MAC and PHY units (522) which receivedownstream data from the shadow optical fiber (270), and in turn send itto a suitable RF transmitter (524) which may generate suitable highfrequency RF signals, such as 1 GHz plus signals capable of transmittingGigabit Ethernet data, or other data and modulation protocols asdesired. Although the optional GTTH processor may only transmitdownstream data, and need not transmit any upstream data at all (thisbeing handled by the DOCSIS upstream processor 504), in someembodiments, it may be useful to utilize at least some of the very highfrequency 1 GHz+frequency range for upstream transmission as well. Inthese embodiments, then the optional GTTH processor may also contain areceiver unit (526) capable of receiving the quickly attenuated 1GHz+frequency range upstream transmissions from next generation cablemodems or household GigE interfaces, and in turn transducing these tooptical signals suitable for transmission on the shadow optical fibernetwork.

As previously discussed, in some situations, the invention may be usedto provide an inexpensive upgrade path to legacy systems as a series ofsteps. In a first step, the shadow optical fiber may be run, andextremely inexpensive Coax Fiber Terminal's (CFTs) installed that mayconsist of little more than upstream RF filters and electrical tooptical converters. Then, as the system develops, more capable CFTs maybe installed with more sophisticated DOCSIS upstream processors and moresophisticated optional GTTH downstream processors, and in this way theshadow optical fiber approach can incrementally upgrade households tofull GTTH capability while still minimizing costs and maximizing use oflegacy equipment.

FIG. 6 shows an overview of how Mini-slot Allocation Packet (MAP) data(600), (602) may be used to analyze and extract the digital data encodedby the upstream signals (604). This process of analysis and digital dataextraction may be done at different locations, such as at the Coax FiberTerminals (272), or alternatively (particularly if the Coax FiberTerminals simply pass along all upstream data without processing) at ornear the optical fiber node (205). This step can be performed by aprocessor or DSP (606) that receives the upstream data, and uses the MAPdata (602) to understand the timing (see FIG. 8) and assignment of thevarious time slices used to convey the upstream data from the variouscable modems at the various neighborhood households. The upstreamdigital data may then be sent back to the cable head and the Cable ModemTermination System (CMTS) (216) at the cable head using a more efficientdigital protocol, such as a GigE protocol, along the HFC optical fiber(218), often at a different wavelength (λ2) from the downstream opticalfiber signal (λ1), or alternatively along a different optical fiber. Atthe CMTS end (216) as desired, the same MAP data (608) (610) may beused, in conjunction with the digital data (and possibly in decoderapparatus (400)) to reconstitute the original upstream CATV RF signal ata remodulator (612). This reconstituted upstream signal may in turn befed into the CMTS (216), which may be a legacy CTMS, as desired. Thishelps leverage the cable industry's considerable investment in standardDOCSIS equipment, and helps reduce the costs and effort involved inproviding additional functionality to the system's various users.Alternatively, when more advanced CTMS systems that are designed todirectly interpret the upstream data are used, remodulation step (612)may be omitted.

Map extraction may be done by various methods. Since the CTMS processorgenerates MAP data, one of the simplest methods is simply to modify theCTMS processor software to send out (downstream) an easy to interpretform of the MAP data for use by the system, and communicate this MAPdata down optical fiber (218) to the processor (606) that will beanalyzing the neighborhood upstream data. Alternatively, less directmethods, such as sniffing methods discussed in Azenko and Rakib, U.S.Pat. No. 7,362,773 (incorporated herein by reference) may be used. Ingeneral, a broad range of alternative MAP extraction methods may be usedfor the invention. Often, however, it will be useful to extract the MAPdata at the cable head end, and transmit this MAP data to the opticalnodes (205) and Cable Fiber Terminals (272) at the CATV RF side of thesystem.

As one alternative MAP scheme, the MAP data may not be used fordemodulating the upstream data at all, but rather simply be used to maskor “clean up” the upstream data. Here for example, the RF bursts sentout by various cable modems during times that the MAP data has allocatedfor that particular cable modem's upstream transmission time can simplybe passed on as is (i.e. as a pure analog to analog pass through), whileduring the “dead” times when the MAP data indicates that a particularcable modem or set of cable modems is not allocated time to transmit, nosignal may be passed on. Thus upstream RF transmissions during timeperiods or windows when upstream transmission by the cable modemsattached to a particular Cable Fiber Terminal are not authorized may bemasked. Here the net effect of this alternative scheme is to reduce theoverall upstream noise, while preserving the upstream data. This sort ofscheme can be useful in reducing interference that may be caused, forexample, by inadvertent crosstalk between cable modems that are servedby an alternative Cable Fiber Terminal, but through which some signalshave inadvertently leaked to a region of the CATV cable served by adifferent Cable Fiber Terminal.

There are other alternative uses for the invention as well. For example,although cellular phone tower transmitters can transmit over relativelylonger ranges because they have fewer power constraints, individual(portable) cell phone transmitters have severe power restrictions, andtransmit with lower power. Thus it is more challenging to receivetransmissions from various cell phones than it is to transmit to thecell phones. According to the invention, cell phone coverage may beextended by, for example, putting at least local cell phone companyreceivers on or near local neighborhood CATV cables, and utilizing thehigh upstream capacity of the shadow optical fiber to backhaul the localcell phone data to a more capable cellular phone tower or networklocated further away.

FIG. 7 shows one shadow fiber and Coax Fiber Terminal addressing scheme.Here either each Coax Fiber Terminal, or in some embodiments relatedgroups of Coax Fiber Terminals are partitioned into different domains(700), (702), (704), (708), and the cable modems in the varioushouseholds (e.g. 208) served by their respective Coax Fiber Terminals(272) are addressed by the cable plant or head end CTMS accordingly. Inone simple scheme, the household cable modems falling within each CoaxFiber Terminal domain are handled by the CTMS as if they were simplysmall independent neighborhoods, thus partitioning what is really alarger CATV coax neighborhood into multiple virtual smallerneighborhoods. This scheme helps preserve backward compatibility withlegacy CTMS and CTMS software.

Here the addressing model used by CTMS (214) is shown as (710). Althoughthe various domains (700, 702, 704, 708) served by the neighborhood CATVcable served by fiber node 1A (205) are actually part of the same CATVcoax system, for purposes of at least handling the upstream data, theaddressing scheme used by the CTMS (710) can treat these various domains(700, 702, 704, 708) as if they were simply small independentneighborhood CATV cables, each connecting to the CTMS by their ownrespective slots (712, 714, 718). This scheme helps preserve legacy CTMShardware and software, as well as other legacy cable head systems.Alternative domain addressing schemes may also be used.

Thus here, the CATV trunk cable or branch CATV cables, and the variousCoax Fiber Terminals can be addressed as multiple domains, so that oneset of cable devices (such as cable modems) attached the CATV trunk andbranch cable arrangement that is local to and served by a first CoaxFiber Terminal (e.g. 720) may be addressed on a first domain basis (e.g.domain 704), and other sets of cable devices attached to said at leastone CATV trunk cable or at least some of said plurality of branch CATVcables that is local to and serviced by a second Coax Fiber Terminal(e.g. 272) may be addressed on a second domain basis (e.g. domain 700).

Although often it will be convenient to designate each group ofhouseholds served by a particular Cable Fiber Terminal as having its ownunique address or CMTS slot, in alternative embodiments, as desired,multiple domains may be combined and addressed as a unit. Thus forexample in an alternative scheme, domains (700) and (704) might beaddressed as a single “virtual neighborhood CATV cable” by the CTMS(214, 710), while domains (702) and (708) might be addressed as adifferent “virtual neighborhood CATV cable” by the CTMS (214, 710).Although potentially limiting the upstream data rate capability, suchdomain pooling arrangements may be useful for simplifying addressingschemes, preserving compatibility with legacy CTMS and other equipmentwhich may have a limited number of available slots or neighborhoodports, and for other purposes as well.

In at least some embodiments, it may be useful to endow the Cable FiberTerminal with at least one processor and software that enables the CableFiber Terminal to keep track of exactly which cable modems or Ethernetterminals are within the sphere of coverage or domain of that particularCable Fiber Terminal. This simplifies management and control of thesystem.

FIG. 8 shows a detail of some of the timing problems that must beaddressed by the Head end and CTMS system, as well as the various CoaxFiber Terminals when MAP data are used to demodulate upstream cablemodem signals, and the data from the demodulated signals are transportedupstream (often in an alternative format), and then reconstituted orregenerated back into RF signals before being fed into a CTMS, such as alegacy CTMS. Due to speed of light and other system delays, the timingperiods relative to the mini slot boundaries and 10.24 MHz system clockwill shift depending upon which Cable Fiber Terminals (CFT) and Cablemodems (CM) are active, and the system must correct for these timingdifferences.

In this example, data (e.g. an upstream RF burst 800) originating from acable modem located inside of household (802) originates at onemini-slot time boundary (804), and due to conversion time and speed oflight issues, this upstream RF burst arrives at the Cable Fiber Terminal(272) at later time (806). By the time this upstream RF burst data hasbeen handled and possibly demodulated or repackaged by Cable FiberTerminal (272), time that the data carried by the original RF burst hasbeen processed by other devices (e.g. possibly by Optical Fiber Node(205) or other systems) and has been transported upstream over opticalfiber (218), the timing been displaced still further forward in time(808). By the time the data carried by the original RF burst reaches thehead end (810), still more time may have passed.

In order to cope with the timing differences, particularly when MAP datais being used to either demodulate the original cable modem upstreamdata (e.g. data originating from the cable modem in household (802)), orwhen MAP data is at least used to designate timing windows for receivingdata for noise clean-up purposes, various systems, such as the CableFiber Terminal and other devices may contain processors and softwaredesigned to allow the cable operator to synchronize the timing of thevarious Cable Fiber Terminals and other peripherals, and to send timingadjust data back and forth between the Cable Fiber Terminals, the CTMS,and optionally the cable modems and other devices as well so as toensure that the timing of the upstream signals (and optionally also thedownstream signals) is properly adjusted for system delays.

In alternative embodiments, depending upon how much backwardcompatibility with legacy equipment is desired, the shadow opticalfiber/Cable Fiber Terminal system may be used to more flexibly partitionthe CATV cable between upstream and downstream modes by designating verylarge blocks of CATV cable spectrum for use for a TDD (Time DivisionDuplex) data transmission scheme. In embodiments were good backwardcompatibility is desired, these TDD schemes may be relegated topresently unused or lesser used portions of the CATV cable spectrum,such as the 1 GHz+frequency range. This scheme is shown in FIG. 9.

FIG. 9 shows an alternative shadow optical fiber/Cable Fiber Terminalmodulation scheme, in which some or all of the CATV bandwidth isswitched between downstream mode and upstream mode following a TimeDivision Duplex scheme (900). Here, depending on the TDD time slice(902, 904, 906, 908), the shadow optical fiber system (270) and CableFiber Terminals (272) may transition between downstream datatransmissions (902, 906) and upstream data transmissions (904, 908).This partitioning between downstream and upstream need not be on astrictly 50:50 basis, but can be adjusted, and even dynamicallyadjusted, by the cable operator depending upon the needs of thatparticular neighborhood. Thus a neighborhood with unusually highdownstream needs might have the TDD time slices allocated on a 90:10downstream/upstream basis, while a neighborhood with unusually highupstream needs might get a 40:60 downstream/upstream TDD timeallocation.

As previously discussed, to maintain backward compatibility, largestretches of the CATV spectrum, such as the legacy 5-42 MHz upstreamregion (252), and the standard downstream 54-533, 750, or 850 MHz range(254) may remain as before, and the TDD mode invoked only for otherfrequency ranges, such as the 1 GHz plus range (910, 912). Thus in oneTDD set of time slices (902, 906), the entire 1 GHz frequency range(910) could be shifted into downstream mode, while in a different set ofTDD time slices (904, 908), the entire 1 GHz frequency range could beshifted into upstream mode (912).

In an alternative scheme, backward compatibility can be sacrificed, andup to the entire CATV RF spectrum from 5 MHz to 1 GHz plus, or from 54to 1 GHz plus, can be allocated for TDD upstream/downstreamtransmission. As needed, legacy cable modems and other equipment maycontinue to operate with this scheme by use of suitable gateway systemsthat can translate between the inventions TDD methods and prior art CATVprotocols. Examples of such suitable gateways are discussed inprovisional application 61/385,125, the contents of which areincorporated herein by reference.

1. A method for enhancing the upstream data carrying capacity of ahybrid fiber cable (HFC) network with a cable head, at least one trunkoptical fiber, at least one trunk optical fiber node terminating on atleast one CATV trunk cable, said CATV trunk cable connected to aplurality of CATV active devices, with at least one branch CATV cablesconnected to said plurality of CATV active devices, thus forming a CATVTree and Branch Network, and a plurality of cable modems or Ethernetterminals connected to said CATV Tree and Branch Network, said methodcomprising: running at least one shadow optical fiber from said trunkoptical fiber to Coax Fiber Terminals associated with at least some ofsaid plurality of CATV active devices; wherein said Coax Fiber Terminalsare connected to said CATV cable and intercept local upstream CATV RFsignals being transmitted by those cable modems or Ethernet terminalsconnected to said trunk or branch CATV cables; using said Coax FiberTerminals to intercept said local upstream CATV RF signals and remove atleast some of said upstream CATV RF signals from said trunk or branchCATV cables connected to said CATV active devices, and backhaul at leastthe information carried by the removed upstream CATV RF signals usingsaid at least one shadow optical fiber.
 2. The method of claim 1,wherein said upstream CATV RF signals comprise signals selected from thegroup consisting of DOCSIS, DVB, Aloha, and other non-DOCSIS signals,and wherein at least some of said DOCSIS signals are removed by saidCoax Fiber Terminals and backhauled using said shadow optical fibers. 3.The method of claim 1, wherein all of said upstream CATV RF signals areremoved by said coax fiber terminals and backhauled using said shadowoptical fibers.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least oneshadow optical fiber comprises a passive optical network.
 5. The methodof claim 1, wherein said Coax Fiber Terminals operate by the steps of:1: digitizing at least some of said upstream CATV RF signals; 2:transducing at least some of the digitized upstream CATV RF signals tooptical signals, producing upstream optical signals.
 6. The method ofclaim 5, wherein the steps of digitizing said upstream CATV RF signalsare done by the steps of: A: obtaining Mini-slot Allocation Packet (MAP)data for at least some of said upstream CATV RF signals; B: using saidMini-slot Allocation Packet (MAP) data to demodulate and extract atleast some of the upstream digital information carried by at least someof said upstream CATV RF signals; C: repackaging said upstream digitalinformation in an alternative format for optical transmission; and D:transmitting said upstream digital information in said alternativeformat along said shadow optical fiber.
 7. The method of claim 6,wherein said alternative format is an optical Ethernet format.
 8. Themethod of claim 6, further using said Mini-slot Allocation Packet (MAP)data to subsequently remodulate said upstream digital information intoreconstituted upstream CATV RF signals at said cable head, producingreconstituted upstream CATV RF signals; and supplying said reconstitutedupstream CATV RF signals to a Cable Modem Termination System.
 9. Themethod of claim 5, wherein the steps of digitizing said upstream CATV RFsignals are done by the steps of: A: sampling the CATV RF signals at asample rate that is at least twice the frequency of the highest upstreamCATV RF signal frequency; B: performing an analog to digital conversionon said sampled CATV RF signals producing digitized upstream CATVsignals.
 10. The method of claim 9, subsequently remodulating saiddigitized upstream CATV RF signals into reconstituted upstream CATV RFsignals at said cable head, producing reconstituted upstream CATV RFsignals, and; and supplying said reconstituted upstream CATV RF signalsto a Cable Modem Termination System.
 11. The method of claim 1, whereinat least some remaining upstream CATV RF signals continue to betransmitted along said CATV Tree and Branch Network after at least someCATV RF signals have been intercepted and removed by said Coax FiberTerminals.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said Coax Fiber Terminalsactively regenerate said at least some remaining upstream CATV RFsignals and pass said remaining upstream CATV RF signals back onto theCATV trunk cable after first removing and digitizing all of saidupstream CATV RF signals.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein said atleast one CATV trunk cable or at least some of said plurality of branchCATV cables, and a plurality of Coax Fiber Terminals are addressed as aplurality of domains, so that one set of cable devices attached to saidat least one CATV trunk cable or at least some of said plurality ofbranch CATV cables that is local to and served by a first Coax FiberTerminal may be addressed on a first domain basis, and other sets ofcable devices attached to said at least one CATV trunk cable or at leastsome of said plurality of branch CATV cables that is serviced by asecond Coax Fiber Terminal may be addressed on a second domain basis.14. The method of claim 1, wherein Mini-slot Allocation Packet (MAP)data is used to mask upstream RF signals according to time windowsdesignated for upstream transmission, thereby reducing the amount ofnoise in the upstream data that is carried by said shadow optical fiber.15. The method of claim 1, further using said at least one shadowoptical fiber and said Coax Fiber Terminals to transmit downstreamGigabit Ethernet data; and modulating said downstream Gigabit Ethernetdata into downstream CATV RF signals at said Coax Fiber Terminals. 16.The method of claim 1, further using said at least one shadow opticalfiber and said Coax Fiber Terminals to transmit upstream and downstreamdata according to a Time Division Duplex scheme.
 17. The method of claim1, wherein said Coax Fiber Terminals backhaul said information byperforming a direct electrical to optical conversion of said interceptedupstream CATV RF signals.
 18. A method for enhancing the upstream datacarrying capacity of a hybrid fiber cable (HFC) network with a cablehead, at least one trunk optical fiber, at least one trunk optical fibernode terminating on at least one CATV trunk cable, said CATV trunk cableconnected to a plurality of CATV active devices, with a plurality ofbranch CATV cables connected to said plurality of CATV active devices,thus forming a CATV Tree and Branch Network, and a plurality of cablemodems or Ethernet terminals connected to said CATV Tree and BranchNetwork, said method comprising: running at least one shadow opticalfiber from said trunk optical fiber to Coax Fiber Terminals associatedwith at least some of said plurality of CATV active devices; whereinsaid at least one shadow optical fiber comprises a passive opticalnetwork; wherein said Coax Fiber Terminals are connected to said CATVcable and intercept upstream CATV RF signals being transmitted by branchCATV cables connected to said CATV active devices; using said Coax FiberTerminals to intercept said upstream CATV RF signals and remove at leastsome of said upstream CATV RF signals from said branch CATV cablesconnected to said CATV active devices, and backhaul at least theinformation carried by the removed upstream CATV RF signals using saidat least one shadow optical fiber; wherein said Coax Fiber Terminalsoperate by the steps of: 1: Digitizing at least some of said upstreamCATV RF signals; 2: transducing at least some of the digitized upstreamCATV RF signals to optical signals, producing upstream optical signals;wherein the steps of digitizing said upstream CATV RF signals are doneby the steps of: A: obtaining Mini-slot Allocation Packet (MAP) data forat least some of said upstream CATV RF signals; B: using said Mini-slotAllocation Packet (MAP) data to demodulate and extract at least some ofthe upstream digital information carried by at least some of saidupstream CATV RF signals; C: repackaging said upstream digitalinformation in an alternative format for optical transmission; and D:transmitting said upstream digital information in said alternativeformat along said shadow optical fiber; wherein said alternative formatis an optical Ethernet format.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein saidat least one CATV trunk cable or at least some of said plurality ofbranch CATV cables, and a plurality of Coax Fiber Terminals areaddressed as a plurality of domains, so that one set of cable devicesattached to said at least one CATV trunk cable or at least some of saidplurality of branch CATV cables that is served by a first Coax FiberTerminal may be addressed on a first domain basis, and other sets ofcable devices attached to said at least one CATV trunk cable or at leastsome of said plurality of branch CATV cables that is serviced by asecond Coax Fiber Terminal may be addressed on a second domain basis.20. The method of claim 18, further using said at least one shadowoptical fiber and said Coax Fiber Terminals to transmit downstreamGigabit Ethernet data; and modulating said downstream Gigabit Ethernetdata into downstream CATV RF signals at said Coax Fiber Terminals.